Chithunzi 1: Dulani chithunzi cha chida cholimbikitsira zamankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito kukumbukira kwakunja kuti zithandizire magwiridwe antchito
Vuto loyamba kwa omwe amapanga mapangidwe a dongosolo ndikuzindikira njira yoyenera pa chip (SoC) kapena microcontroller kuti ikhale mtima wamtunduwu. Iyenera kukhala yotheka kupereka magwiridwe antchito panthawi imodzimodziyo kuchepetsa bajeti yonse yamagetsi.
Zipangizo zamphepete, monga zokumbukira zakunja, masensa, ndi ma telemetry polumikizira ziyenera kufananizidwa ndi magwiridwe antchito a SoC / microcontroller, komanso kuthandizira mawonekedwe ophatikizika ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera.
Zosankha zokumbukira
Chida chomwe chimasankhidwa chimaphatikiza mitundu iwiri ya zokumbukira, kung'anima ndi SRAM.
Flash ndimakumbukiro olemba pang'onopang'ono, osasunthika omwe amathandizira zolemba zochepa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungitsa zosasintha kapena zosintha pang'onopang'ono monga nambala yofunsira, zambiri zamachitidwe, ndi / kapena mitengo yazosinthidwa pambuyo pake.
SRAM ndikumakumbukira mwachangu, kosakhazikika komwe kumapereka kupirira kozungulira kopanda malire. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungitsa zosakhalitsa zadongosolo lamachitidwe othamanga.
Pamene kusinthasintha kwadongosolo kumakulirakulira, momwemonso kuchuluka kwama code pazinthu zingapo zamasamu ndi ma algorithms. Kukula kwa mkati-chip kungakhale kosakwanira. Makina azonyamula onyamula nthawi zambiri amafuna kusungidwa kowonjezera, komwe kumafunikira opanga kuti athe kukulitsa kukumbukira mkati ndi kukumbukira kwakunja (Chithunzi 1).
Kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa kwamagetsi kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakukulitsa RAM, makamaka SRAM yokhala ndi zocheperako komanso zoyimirira pakadali pano. Zosankha zosasunthika ndizophatikizira flash, EEPROM, MRAM, ndi F-RAM.
Serial flash memory imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza pulogalamu yosasokonekera komanso kusungitsa deta chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika komanso kupezeka kwamphamvu kwambiri. Komabe, imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zimachepetsa magwiridwe antchito azida zama batri.
Mapulogalamu ena amasintha gawo lokumbukira ndi EEPROM, koma izi sizoyanjana ndi batri, makamaka ngati ntchito zikuphatikiza kulembera EEPROM. Zimaphatikizaponso kapangidwe kakhodi kagwiritsidwe.
Magneto-resistive RAM (MRAM) ili ndi chipiriro chopanda malire. Chosavuta chake, komabe, ndikuti imagwiritsa ntchito mafunde othamanga kwambiri komanso oyimilira ndipo amatha kugwidwa ndimaginito omwe amatha kuwononga zomwe zasungidwa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosayenera pazida zamankhwala zoyendetsedwa ndi batri.
Ferroelectric RAM (F-RAM), ili ndi maubwino angapo ofunikira pazida zamankhwala zonyamula ndipo ili ndi kupirira kwakulemba kozungulira.
Zovuta zamankhwala
Chithunzi 2: Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi pa 4Mb kulemba (µJ) kwamatekinoloje osakumbukira kukumbukira
Kupirira kochepa kolemba kwa EEPROM ndi kung'ambika kumayambitsa zovuta pazida zamankhwala zomwe zimafunikira kusungira zipika zomwe zimasinthidwa pafupipafupi. Flash imapereka chipiriro pamayendedwe a 1E + 5 ndipo EEPROM ndi 1E + 6. Kupirira kwakulemba kwa F-RAM ndi 1E + 14 (kapena 100 trilioni). Izi zimathandizira kuti zida zizitha kulemba zambiri popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms ovuta kuvala ndi kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zowonjezera (Chithunzi 3).
Ubwino wachiwiri ndikuti kapangidwe kake ka mkati mwa F-RAM kamagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zocheperako poyerekeza ndi ma flash kapena zida zosungira za EEPROM (Chithunzi 2).
Mwachitsanzo, Excelon F-RAM kuchokera pama Cypress othandizira poyimilira, mphamvu yakuya pansi ndikubisalira module. Kukhazikitsa izi muntchito kungachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi mwa maulamuliro pafupifupi awiri kuphatikiza pamphamvu yamagetsi yotsika.
Chithunzi 3: Kuyerekeza kwa kuzungulira kopitilira matekinoloje osakumbukika amakumbukidwe
EEPROM ndi kung'anima kumafuna zina zowonjezera masamba-pulogalamu / masamba-kulemba, motero kukulitsa nthawi yogwira ntchito yolemba. F-RAM posakhalitsa yosasinthasintha imalola makina ogwiritsira ntchito batri kuzimitsa zamagetsi kapena kutaya mwachangu makinawo kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kuti achepetse nthawi yogwira komanso yogwira.
Izi zimathandizanso kudalirika pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kumafunikira nthawi yake pomwe deta ili pachiwopsezo pamagetsi. Maselo a F-RAM amakhalanso olekerera ma radiation osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ma x-ray ndi cheza cha gamma ndipo sateteza maginito, kuteteza zidziwitso.
Zida zina za F-RAM, monga Excelon LP, zimapereka kachipangizo kolondola kachipangizo (ECC) kamene kangazindikire ndikukonza zolakwitsa kamodzi mu liwu lililonse la data la 64, kukulitsa kudalirika kosungira mitengo m'dongosolo. F-RAM imathandiziranso pachimake pakadali pano (mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa pakadali pano kosakwana 1.5 mA) kuti muchepetse kutulutsidwa kwambiri kwa batri.
F, RAM imatha kusungidwa m'matumba okhala ndi malo okwanira. Mwachitsanzo, Excelon LP imapereka mpaka 8Mbit ndipo imapezeka m'mafakitore asanu ndi atatu ‑ pini SOIC ndi mapaketi ang'onoang'ono asanu ndi atatu a GQFN omwe amatha kupitilira 50MHz SPI I / O ndi 108MHz QSPI (Quad ‑ SPI) I / O.
Kupirira kwa F-RAM kumakhala kopanda malire, kusasinthasintha kwanthawi yomweyo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa zimalola opanga makina kuti aziphatikiza zonse RAM‑ ndi ROM yozikidwa pa data ndikugwira ntchito limodzi.
Zipangizo zamakono za ROM, kuphatikizapo mask-ROM, OTP-EPROM, ndi NOR-flash, sizowonongeka ndipo zimayang'ana kusungira makalata.
NAND - flash ndi EEPROM itha kukhalanso ngati kukumbukira kosasinthasintha kosasintha. Zonsezi zimafunikira kunyengerera, chifukwa zimagwiritsa ntchito nambala yosungira ndi kusungira deta ndi zotsika poyerekeza ndi zokumbukira zina.
Njira zamakonozi zimayang'ana pamtengo wotsika, womwe umafuna kugulitsa kosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi / kapena magwiridwe antchito.
Matekinoloje okhala ndi RAM amakhala ngati chikumbukiro cha data komanso ngati malo ogwiritsira ntchito ma code pochita kuchokera pa flash kumatsika kwambiri. RAM imapereka kuphatikiza kwamakalata ndi magwiridwe antchito, koma mawonekedwe ake osasunthika amalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kosungira kwakanthawi.
Ntchito zonyamula zimafunikira magwiridwe antchito bwino ngati zinthu zochepa momwe zingathere.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo yokumbukira kumatha kubweretsa kulephera, kusokoneza kapangidwe kake ndipo kumawononga mphamvu zambiri.
Kuchita bwino ndi kudalirika kwa F-RAM kumapangitsa kuti ukadaulo umodzi wokumbukira usamalire nambala yonse ndi zidziwitso.
Ili ndi chipiriro chothandizira kudula mitengo pafupipafupi kwinaku ikutsitsa mtengo wamagetsi, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndikuchepetsa zovuta zamachitidwe.
