Hoto 1: Toshe zane na na'urar motsa jiki ta amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar waje don tallafawa ingantaccen aiki
Kalubale na farko ga masu tsarin gine-gine shine gano tsarin da ya dace akan guntu (SoC) ko microcontroller don zama zuciyar tsarin. Dole ne ya kasance yana iya samar da aikin da ake buƙata yayin tare lokaci guda rage kasafin kuɗin wutar lantarki gabaɗaya.
Dole ne na'urori masu gefe, kamar ƙwaƙwalwar waje, na'urori masu auna firikwensin, da maɓallan sadarwa su zama daidai da aikin SoC / microcontroller, yayin da kuma tallafawa ƙaramin tsari da ingantaccen amfani da wuta.
Zaɓin ƙwaƙwalwa
Abubuwan da aka zaɓa gaba ɗaya yana haɗa nau'ikan tunanin biyu, walƙiya da SRAM.
Flash sigar ɗan jinkiri ne-rubutu, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai saurin canzawa wacce ke tallafawa iyakantaccen adadin hawan keke na rubutu. Ana amfani dashi don riƙe tsayayyen ko sauye-sauye bayanai kamar lambar aikace-aikace, bayanan tsarin, da / ko bayanan bayanan mai amfani da aka sarrafa bayan-aiki.
SRAM hanya ce mai saurin shiga, mai saurin canzawa wacce ke samar da juriya mara iyaka na rubutu. Ana amfani dashi don adana bayanan tsarin lokaci na ɗan lokaci.
Yayinda tsarin tsarin yake ƙaruwa, haka ma rikitaccen lamba don ayyukan lissafi da yawa da algorithms. Memoryarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ciki ba zai isa ba. Medicala'idodin tsarin likita masu ɗauka sau da yawa suna buƙatar ƙarin ajiya, suna buƙatar masu zane don haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar ciki tare da ƙwaƙwalwar waje (Hoto 1).
Ana iya amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ƙarancin ƙarfi don faɗaɗa RAM, yawanci SRAM tare da ƙananan ƙarancin aiki da halin jiran aiki. Zaɓuɓɓuka don ajiyar ajiya mara canzawa sun haɗa da walƙiya, EEPROM, MRAM, da F-RAM.
Ana amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta Serial don shirin ba mai canzawa ba da kuma faɗaɗa adana bayanai saboda ƙarancin farashi da kuma wadatattun ɗimbin yawa. Koyaya, yana da ɗan gajeren amfani da kuzari, wanda ke rage rayuwar aiki na na'urori masu amfani da batir.
Wasu aikace-aikacen suna maye gurbin wani ɓangare na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tare da EEPROM, amma wannan har yanzu ba shi da ma'amala da batir, musamman idan ayyukan ya ƙunshi rubutu mai yawa zuwa EEPROM. Hakanan yana rikitar da ƙirar lambar aikace-aikace.
Magneto-resistive RAM (MRAM) yana da iyakantaccen rubutaccen rubutu. Rashin fa'idarsa, kodayake, shine yana cinye aiki mai ƙarfi sosai kuma yana iya kamuwa da yanayin maganadisu wanda zai iya lalata bayanan da aka adana. Wadannan halaye saboda haka suna sanya shi rashin dacewa a cikin na'urorin kiwon lafiya masu amfani da batir.
Ferroelectric RAM (F-RAM), yana da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci da yawa a cikin na'urorin likita masu amfani kuma yana da ƙarfin rubutu mai girma.
Matsalolin likita
Hoto 2: Amfani da kuzari a cikin 4Mb ya rubuta (µJ) don fasahohin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya marasa tasiri
Iyakantaccen rubutaccen EEPROM da walƙiya yana haifar da matsala mai mahimmanci ga na'urorin kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke buƙatar adana bayanan bayanan da ake sabunta su koyaushe. Flash yana ba da juriya akan tsari na 1E + 5 kuma EEPROM shine 1E + 6. Tsarin jimlar rubuta F-RAM shine 1E + 14 (ko tiriliyan 100). Wannan yana bawa na'urori damar samun damar shiga karin bayanai ba tare da aiwatar da hadaddun tsarin girke-girke ba da kuma samarda karin karfin aiki (Hoto na 3).
Fa'ida ta biyu ita ce, tsarin gine-ginen F-RAM yana cinye umarni na girman ƙananan ƙarfin aiki fiye da caji mai tushen caji ko na'urorin ajiyar EEPROM (Hoto na 2).
Misali, Excelon F ‑ RAMs daga Cypress suna tallafawa jiran aiki, zurfin ƙarfi ƙasa da yanayin ɓacin rai na ɓarna. Aiwatar da waɗannan a cikin aikace-aikacen na iya rage yawan amfani da wuta da kusan oda biyu na girma a haɗe tare da ƙananan yanayin ƙarfin aiki.
Hoto 3: Kwatancen jimrewar juriya don fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mara tasiri
EEPROM da walƙiya suna buƙatar ƙarin lokutan shirye-shiryen shafi / shafi-rubuta-zagaye, don haka haɓaka tsarin aiki na lokaci don ayyukan rubutawa. F ‑ RAM ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba yana ba da damar tsarin sarrafa baturi don kashe wutar lantarki gaba ɗaya ko saurin saurin saukar da tsarin cikin yanayin rashin ƙarfi mara ƙarfi don rage duka lokutan aiki da halin yanzu.
Wannan kuma yana haɓaka aminci a cikin aikace-aikacen da ke da ƙayyadaddun lokacin buƙatun inda bayanai ke cikin haɗari yayin kuskuren wuta. Kwayoyin F ‑ RAM suma suna da juriya sosai ga nau'ikan radiation daban daban, gami da x-rays da kuma gamma radiation kuma basu da kariya daga filayen maganadisu, don kare bayanan da aka yi rikodin.
Wasu na'urorin F devices RAM, kamar Excelon LP, suna ba da lambar gyara kuskuren ‑ chip (ECC) wacce ke iya ganowa da kuma gyara kurakurai ‑ bit a cikin kowace kalma ta 64 ‑ bit data, ƙara mahimman bayanai tsarin rajistan ayyukan 'amincin ajiya. F ‑ RAM shima yana goyan bayan tsarikan sarrafawa (watau inrush control current wanda bai wuce 1.5 MA ba) don hana fitar batir mai yawa.
F ‑ RAM na iya zama a cikin marufi wanda yake da sarari ‑ mai inganci. Misali, Excelon LP yana bayarwa har zuwa 8Mbit kuma ana samun sa a cikin daidaitaccen masana'antu SO ‑ pin sau takwas da ƙananan fakitin GQFN takwas tare da kayan aiki har zuwa 50MHz SPI I / O da 108MHz QSPI (Quad ‑ SPI) I / O.
F ‑ RAM kusan rashin iya jimrewarsa, rashin saurin canzawa nan take da kuma rashin amfani da ƙarfi yana bawa masu zane tsarin damar haɗa dukkanin bayanan RAM‑ da ROM and da ayyuka a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa ɗaya.
Fasahohin ROM, gami da mashin ‑ ROM, OTP ‑ EPROM, da walƙiyar NOR ‑, ba sa iya canzawa kuma suna fuskantar aikace-aikacen adana lambar.
Hasken NAND ‑ da EEPROM suma na iya zama matsayin datawa datawalwar bayanan bayanai marasa tasiri. Duk waɗannan suna buƙatar sassauƙa, tunda suna aiwatar da duka lambobin biyu da adana bayanai tare da ƙaramar aiki idan aka kwatanta da sauran tunanin.
Waɗannan fasahohin suna mai da hankali kan ƙananan ƙimar, wanda ke buƙatar ciniki-na sauƙin amfani da / ko aiki.
Fasahohin RAM suna aiki da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar bayanai kuma matsayin sararin aiki don aiwatar da lambar lokacin aiwatarwa daga walƙiya yana tabbatar da jinkiri. RAM yana ba da cakuda mai amfani da bayanai, amma yanayin canzawa yana iya amfani da shi zuwa ajiyar wucin gadi.
Aikace-aikacen šaukuwa suna buƙatar ingantaccen aiki a cikin componentsan abubuwan da aka gyara kamar yadda zai yiwu.
Amfani da nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da yawa na iya haifar da rashin aiki, yana rikitar da ƙirar lamba kuma yawanci yana cin ƙarin kuzari.
Inganci da amincin F ‑ RAM ya sa ya zama mai sauƙi ga fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya guda ɗaya ta iya ɗauka duka lamba da bayanai.
Yana da jimiri don tallafawa shigar da bayanai na zamani mai yawa yayin rage farashin tsarin, haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin da rage ƙwarewar tsarin.
